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3D Printed Tertiary Syphilis
Handling Guidelines for 3D Printed Models
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
3D Printed Tertiary Syphilis
Item # MP2113
$1,697.00
$1,887.00
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(3D Printed Tertiary Syphilis
Clinical History
A 66-year old male presents with postprandial epigastric pain. Of note, he is
deaf and non-verbal. On examination, he has a tender epigastrium and several nodular tender lesions over his
forehead and scalp. Blood tests show a low haemoglobin, impaired hepatic function and are positive for
anti-treponemal antibodies. After admission, he has a large gastrointestinal bleed, and dies despite intervention.
Pathology
This specimen is the vault of the patient‘s skull. On the external surface, there are
multiple circumscribed necrotic lesions in the parasagittal area to the left of the midline. The lesions are brown
in colour and measure up to 3-4 cm in maximum diameter. The lesions have eroded the outer table of the skull and the
adjacent periosteum is thickened with a fibrinous inflammation. These lesions are chronic syphilitic lesions or
gumma of the skull, which are characteristic of benign tertiary syphilis.
Further Information
Syphilis is a chronic infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema
pallidum. Sexually transmitted infection is most common, but it may also be congenitally-acquired by transplacental
transmission of the bacteria. Those who have the higher risk of infection, include those of a sexually active age,
intravenous drug users, HIV-infected patients and homosexual males. Syphilis infection rates decreased significantly
with the introduction of penicillin in 1943, which remains the main treatment today. However, the infection rate has
been increasing since the early 2000’s.
Syphilis is divided into three stages with distinct clinical and pathological features with characteristic
proliferative endarteritis affecting small vessels. Primary syphilis occurs usually 3 weeks after initial infection.
This manifests typically as a single, painless and erythematous lesion called a chancre at the site of inoculation.
The syphilis spreads throughout the body from this chancre, which then heals spontaneously after 3 to 6
weeks.
Secondary syphilis occurs weeks to a few months after the primary chancre resolves in 75% of untreated
patients. During this stage patients commonly have generalised symptoms, such as malaise, lymphadenopathy and skin
rashes. Palmar/plantar rashes are the most frequent site but rashes can also be diffuse. These rashes can be
maculopapular, scaly or pustular. Condylomata lata are elevated gray plaques that arise on the moist mucous
membranes, such as oral or genital regions. Other less common manifestations include hepatitis, gastrointestinal
invasion or ulceration and neurosyphilis – discussed below.
Tertiary syphilis has three main characteristics: cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis and gummatous syphilis. These occur after a latent period of 5 years or more in one third of untreated patients.
Cardiovascular syphilis involves an aortitis for which the exact pathophysiology is unclear. The vasculitis involves the ascending thoracic aorta leading to progressive dilation of the aortic root which can cause aortic valve insufficiency and aneurysms. Clinical manifestation usually happens 15-30 years post initial infection.
Neurosyphilis can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. It occurs in 10% of untreated patients. Early clinical
manifestations include headaches, meningitis, hearing loss and ocular involvement, most commonly uveitis, causing
vision loss. Late manifestations can occur up to 25 years post initial infection. Main features are meningovascular
neurosyphilis, paretic neurosyphilis and tabes dorsalis. Meningovascular involvement involves chronic meningitis and
endarteritis which can lead to
strokes. Tabes dorsalis is caused from degeneration of the posterior columns
within the spinal cord. This causes loss of proprioception, ataxia, loss of pain sensation, and loss of reflexes.
Paretic neurosyphilis is caused by invasion and damage of the brain parenchyma, most commonly the frontal lobes.
This leads to progressive cognitive impairment and mood disturbance.
Gummatous syphilis is characterised by the formation of nodular lesions most commonly bone, skin and mucosa of the upper airway and mouth called gummas. Gummas can occur anywhere including viscera. The formation of gummas is rare but occurs more frequently in HIV-infected patients. Skeletal involvement causes pain and pathological fractures.
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Handling Guidelines for 3D Printed Models
GTSimulators by Global Technologies
Erler Zimmer Authorized Dealer
These items normal warranty are two years, however the warranty doesn’t cover “wear and tear”. The manufacturer does have 100% quality control on these models.
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.
The models are very detailed and delicate. With normal production machines you cannot realize such details like shown in these models.
The printer used is a color-plastic printer. This is the most suitable printer for these models.
The plastic material is already the best and most suitable material for these prints. (The other option would be a kind of gypsum, but this is way more fragile. You even cannot get them out of the printer without breaking them).The huge advantage of the prints is that they are very realistic as the data is coming from real human specimen. Nothing is shaped or stylized.
The users have to handle these prints with utmost care. They are not made for touching or bending any thin nerves, arteries, vessels etc. The 3D printed models should sit on a table and just rotated at the table.
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